2,121 research outputs found
Emission and Absorption Properties of Low-Mass Type 2 Active Galaxies with XMM-Newton
We present XMM-Newton observations of four low-redshift Seyfert galaxies
selected to have low host luminosities (M_g>-20 mag) and small stellar velocity
dispersions (sigma_star<45 km/s), which are among the smallest stellar velocity
dispersions found in any active galaxies. These galaxies show weak or no broad
optical emission lines and have likely black hole masses <10^6 M_sun. Three out
of four objects were detected with >3sigma significance in ~25 ks exposures and
two observations had high enough signal-to-noise ratios for rudimentary
spectral analysis. We calculate hardness ratios (-0.43 to 0.01) for the three
detected objects and use them to estimate photon indices in the range of
Gamma=1.1-1.8. Relative to [OIII], the type 2 objects are X-ray faint in
comparison with Seyfert 1 galaxies, suggesting that the central engines are
obscured. We estimate the intrinsic absorption of each object under the
assumption that the [OIII] emission line luminosities are correlated with the
unabsorbed X-ray luminosity. The results are consistent with moderate
(N_H~10^22 cm^-2) absorption over the Galactic values in three of the four
objects, which might explain the non-detection of broad-line emission in
optical spectra. One object in our sample, SDSS J110912.40+612346.7, is a near
identical type 2 counterpart of the late-type Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4395. While
the two objects have very similar [OIII] luminosities, the type 2 object has an
X-ray/[OIII] flux ratio nearly an order of magnitude lower than NGC 4395. The
most plausible explanation for this difference is absorption of the primary
X-ray continuum of the type 2 object, providing an indication that
obscuration-based unified models of active galaxies can apply even at the
lowest luminosities seen among Seyfert nuclei, down to L_bol~10^40-10^41 erg/s.Comment: 5 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in Ap
A single polyploidization event at the origin of the tetraploid genome of Coffea arabica is responsible for the extremely low genetic variation in wild and cultivated germplasm
The genome of the allotetraploid species Coffea arabica L. was sequenced to assemble independently the two component subgenomes (putatively deriving from C. canephora and C. eugenioides) and to perform a genome-wide analysis of the genetic diversity in cultivated coffee germplasm and in wild populations growing in the center of origin of the species. We assembled a total length of 1.536 Gbp, 444 Mb and 527 Mb of which were assigned to the canephora and eugenioides subgenomes, respectively, and predicted 46,562 gene models, 21,254 and 22,888 of which were assigned to the canephora and to the eugeniodes subgenome, respectively. Through a genome-wide SNP genotyping of 736 C. arabica accessions, we analyzed the genetic diversity in the species and its relationship with geographic distribution and historical records. We observed a weak population structure due to low-frequency derived alleles and highly negative values of Taijma's D, suggesting a recent and severe bottleneck, most likely resulting from a single event of polyploidization, not only for the cultivated germplasm but also for the entire species. This conclusion is strongly supported by forward simulations of mutation accumulation. However, PCA revealed a cline of genetic diversity reflecting a west-to-east geographical distribution from the center of origin in East Africa to the Arabian Peninsula. The extremely low levels of variation observed in the species, as a consequence of the polyploidization event, make the exploitation of diversity within the species for breeding purposes less interesting than in most crop species and stress the need for introgression of new variability from the diploid progenitors
Three-integral multi-component dynamical models and simulations of the nuclear star cluster in NGC 4244
Adaptive optics observations of the flattened nuclear star cluster in the
nearby edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 4244 using the Gemini Near-Infrared Integral
Field Spectrograph (NIFS) have revealed clear rotation. Using these kinematics
plus 2MASS photometry we construct a series of axisymmetric two-component
particle dynamical models with our improved version of NMAGIC, a flexible
Chi^2-made-to-measure code. The models consist of a nuclear cluster disc
embedded within a spheroidal particle population. We find a mass for the
nuclear star cluster of M=1.6^+0.5_-0.2 x 10^7 M_sun within ~42.4 pc (2"). We
also explore the presence of an intermediate mass black hole and show that
models with a black hole as massive as M_bh = 5.0 x 10^5 M_sun are consistent
with the available data. Regardless of whether a black hole is present or not,
the nuclear cluster is vertically anisotropic (beta_z < 0), as was found with
earlier two-integral models. We then use the models as initial conditions for
N-body simulations. These simulations show that the nuclear star cluster is
stable against non-axisymmetric perturbations. We also explore the effect of
the nuclear cluster accreting star clusters at various inclinations. Accretion
of a star cluster with mass 13% that of the nuclear cluster is already enough
to destroy the vertical anisotropy, regardless of orbital inclination.Comment: Replaced with the version accepted for publication in MNRAS. 13
pages, 10 figures, 3 table
Radiation pressure and absorption in AGN: results from a complete unbiased sample from Swift
Outward radiation pressure can exceed the inward gravitational pull on gas
clouds in the neighbourhood of a luminous Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN). This
creates a forbidden region for long-lived dusty clouds in the observed columnn
density - Eddington fraction plane. (The Eddington fraction lambda_Edd is the
ratio of the bolometric luminosity of an AGN to the Eddington limit for its
black hole mass.) The Swift/BAT catalogue is the most complete hard X-ray
selected sample of AGN and has 97 low redshift AGN with measured column
densities N_H and inferred black hole masses. Eddington fractions for the
sources have been obtained using recent bolometric corrections and the sources
have been plotted on the N_H - lambda_Edd plane. Only one source lies in the
forbidden region and it has a large value of N_H due to an ionized warm
absorber, for which radiation pressure is reduced. The effective Eddington
limit for the source population indicates that the high column density clouds
in the more luminous objects lie within the inner few pc, where the central
black hole provides at least half the mass. Our result shows that radiation
pressure does affect the presence of gas clouds in the inner galaxy bulge. We
discuss briefly how the N_H - lambda_Edd plane may evolve to higher redshift,
when feedback due to radiation pressure may have been strong.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, MNRAS in pres
Black Holes in the Early Universe
The existence of massive black holes was postulated in the sixties, when the
first quasars were discovered. In the late nineties their reality was proven
beyond doubt, in the Milky way and a handful nearby galaxies. Since then,
enormous theoretical and observational efforts have been made to understand the
astrophysics of massive black holes. We have discovered that some of the most
massive black holes known, weighing billions of solar masses, powered luminous
quasars within the first billion years of the Universe. The first massive black
holes must therefore have formed around the time the first stars and galaxies
formed. Dynamical evidence also indicates that black holes with masses of
millions to billions of solar masses ordinarily dwell in the centers of today's
galaxies. Massive black holes populate galaxy centers today, and shone as
quasars in the past; the quiescent black holes that we detect now in nearby
bulges are the dormant remnants of this fiery past. In this review we report on
basic, but critical, questions regarding the cosmological significance of
massive black holes. What physical mechanisms lead to the formation of the
first massive black holes? How massive were the initial massive black hole
seeds? When and where did they form? How is the growth of black holes linked to
that of their host galaxy? Answers to most of these questions are work in
progress, in the spirit of these Reports on Progress in Physics.Comment: Reports on Progress in Physics, in pres
The FaceBase Consortium: A comprehensive program to facilitate craniofacial research
The FaceBase Consortium consists of ten interlinked research and technology projects whose goal is to generate craniofacial research data and technology for use by the research community through a central data management and integrated bioinformatics hub. Funded by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) and currently focused on studying the development of the middle region of the face, the Consortium will produce comprehensive datasets of global gene expression patterns, regulatory elements and sequencing; will generate anatomical and molecular atlases; will provide human normative facial data and other phenotypes; conduct follow up studies of a completed genome-wide association study; generate independent data on the genetics of craniofacial development, build repositories of animal models and of human samples and data for community access and analysis; and will develop software tools and animal models for analyzing and functionally testing and integrating these data. The FaceBase website (http://www.facebase.org) will serve as a web home for these efforts, providing interactive tools for exploring these datasets, together with discussion forums and other services to support and foster collaboration within the craniofacial research community
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International meta-analysis of PTSD genome-wide association studies identifies sex- and ancestry-specific genetic risk loci.
The risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following trauma is heritable, but robust common variants have yet to be identified. In a multi-ethnic cohort including over 30,000 PTSD cases and 170,000 controls we conduct a genome-wide association study of PTSD. We demonstrate SNP-based heritability estimates of 5-20%, varying by sex. Three genome-wide significant loci are identified, 2 in European and 1 in African-ancestry analyses. Analyses stratified by sex implicate 3 additional loci in men. Along with other novel genes and non-coding RNAs, a Parkinson's disease gene involved in dopamine regulation, PARK2, is associated with PTSD. Finally, we demonstrate that polygenic risk for PTSD is significantly predictive of re-experiencing symptoms in the Million Veteran Program dataset, although specific loci did not replicate. These results demonstrate the role of genetic variation in the biology of risk for PTSD and highlight the necessity of conducting sex-stratified analyses and expanding GWAS beyond European ancestry populations
Quality Protein Maize Germplasm Characterized for Amino Acid Profiles and Endosperm Opacity
Quality protein maize (QPM) is improved over normal (non-QPM) maize in grain concentrations of the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan. Quality protein maize has a long history as tropical adapted germplasm, but little effort has been made to incorporate temperate or sub-tropical germplasm for temperate adaptation and interactions between different modifier loci in these backgrounds are poorly understood. A design-II mating scheme including new temperate and subtropical lines produced 69 hybrids. Large hybrid genetic variation components resulted in substantial broad-sense heritability H2 estimates, specifically tryptophan (0.46) and endosperm opacity (0.82). A microbial assay for amino acid estimation proved robust across diverse environments with minimal genotype Ă— environment (GĂ—E) effects. Endosperm opacity had no GĂ—E effects across both Texas and Iowa locations demonstrating stability for this trait. Endosperm opacity primarily followed an additive, midparent trend, with a few hybrids deviating from the trend (36%) suggesting a complex nature of multiple modifier loci across diverse germplasm. The top QPM hybrid outperformed the top commercial hybrid by 35 and 30% for lysine and tryptophan as a proportion of grain, respectively. QPM line Tx832 was a parent of top hybrids for lysine and tryptophan, and the highest noncommercial hybrids for methionine. Minimal correlations with yield and other traits suggest that future breeding should result in QPM hybrids with increasingly competitive yields
Estimation and classification of popping expansion capacity in popcorn breeding programs using NIR spectroscopy
One of the most important quality traits in popcorn breeding programs is the popping expansion (PE) capacity of the kernel, which is the ratio of the volume of the popcorn to the weight of the kernel. In this study, we evaluated whether near infrared spectroscopy (NIR spectroscopy) could be used as a tool in popcorn breeding programs to routinely predict and/or discriminate popcorn genotypes on the basis of their PE. Three generations (F1, F2, and F2:3) were developed in three planting seasons by manual cross-pollination and self-pollination. A total of 376 ears from the F2:3 generation were selected, shelled, and subjected to phenotypic analysis. Genetic variability was observed in the F2 and F2:3 generations, and their average PE value was 31.5 ± 6.7 mL.g-1. PE prediction models using partial least square (PLS) regression were developed, and the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) was 6.08 mL.g-1, while the coefficient of determination (RC 2) was 0.26. The model developed by principal component analysis with quadratic discriminant analysis (PCA-QDA) was the best for discriminating the kernels with low PE (≤ 30 mL.g-1) from those with high PE (> 30 mL.g-1) with an accuracy of 78%, sensitivity of 81.2%, and specificity of 72.2%. Although NIR spectroscopy appears to be a promising non-destructive method for assessing the PE of intact popcorn kernels for narrow breeding populations, greater variability and larger sample sizes would help improve the robustness of the predictive and classificatory models
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